Effective and Ethical Leadership Essay

Page 2. Throughout the evolution of modern business, leaders have strived to be effective and profitable. However, due to unprecedented business scandals throughout the past decade, strict adherence to the principles of business ethics has become more prominent and expansive than ever before. In light of scandalous and unethical business practices, as exuded by Enron and WorldCom for example, business leaders and governing agencies realize the importance of ethical behavior. Although there is not a clear cut or standard set of attributes that constitute an effective and ethical leader, there are several common aspects that can be identified. The most important attributes of an effective and ethical leader are trustworthiness and accountability. Employees must feel that they can trust their managers in any and every situation. Team members must believe that a manager has immaculate intentions for the well-being of the project and the team. Employees will work harder towards the goals of the organization as well as towards the goals of individual assignments if they feel that management is looking out for their best interests. Team members should not look at business management as an entity of oppression. Employees should be able to approach managers without intimidation or prejudice. In other words, workers should feel free to address concerns and express opinions. Experienced front line workers are more privy to minute details regarding the daily operations of the business. A worker that trusts his or her superior is more likely to express opinions and concerns that can enhance business activity or correct errors. Employees that trust the management of the organization will be more willing to work diligently towards the company’s goals. Employees that do not have a trustworthy management team can suffer from a reduction in morale. Overall, a lack of trust leads to a distant and less productive work environment. Page 3. Another equally important attribute of an effective and ethical leader is accountability. Effective managers should not be afraid to admit when they are wrong. Even the best managers make mistakes. In essence, a manager with a strong ethical track record will be able to address tough questions with realistic answers. Transcending departmental and hierarchal barriers, accountability promotes communication throughout the entire organization. For example, after years of slumping car sales coupled with rigid hierarchal divisions, Ford Motors decided to embark in a new direction with Alan Mulally as CEO in 2006. Throughout its century of existence, Ford â€Å"developed a very tall hierarchy, composed of managers whose main goal was to protect their turf and avoid any direct blame for its plunging car sales (Jones 2010). Even the COO Mark Fields stated that â€Å"at Ford you never admit when you don’t know something (Jones 2010). † New CEO, Alan Mulally, diligently worked to demolish the communication barriers between the divisions of production and to develop new ethical norms. For instance, he instituted weekly meetings where department heads were encouraged to openly share problems. Mulally promoted a new culture that was more accepting and open about mistakes. Moreover, sharing all a spects of production information through a universal lens can help to promote decreased production costs on a company-wide level. Organizations will prosper under a management that promotes and radiates accountability and trustworthiness. Employees are more prone to open lines of communication with trusted superiors. Managers that can accept responsibility for errors while co-piloting new plans of attack on pertinent issues can help to eliminate unnecessary depletion of organizational resources. A corporate culture that is built upon these attributes will be poised for future success. Page 4. Works Cited Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational Theory, Design, and Change (6th ed. , p. 14). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Preventing Alzheimers Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Alzheimer ‘s disease is a disease named after Alois Alzheimer who foremost described it in 1906. It is besides known as Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type or Alzheimer ‘s and is the most common signifier of Dementia. It is an incurable, degenerative and terminal disease and is normally diagnosed in people of over 65 old ages of age, nevertheless, there are hints of its oncoming in much earlier ages ( Wegesin & A ; Stern, 2004, p.646 ) .The 2006 statistics indicated that 26.6 million people suffered from this disease universe. The common symptoms for this disease are thought to be age related concerns or emphasis manifestations. The disease is characterized by memory loss, such as trouble in retrieving late learned facts in earlier phases and confusion, temper swings, linguistic communication dislocation, crossness and aggression and general backdown in the advanced phases. The causal effects for this disease are still unknown with fingers indicating to plaques and tangles in the encephalon. Most interventions available for this disease offer diagnostic benefit but fail to turn to the hold or patterned advance of the disease. Since it ‘s incurable and degenerative, the direction of patients is indispensable. The disease is known to put a great load on health professionals who experience psychological, economic, societal and physical force per unit areas while taking attention of sick person ‘s of this disease. This disease is one of the most dearly-won diseases in the developed universe. GuideAge Study: Test of EGb 761 for bar of Alzheimer ‘s disease among the aged with memory ailments. The primary aim of the survey was to find the consequence of EGb761 in intervention on the rate of transition from memory ailments to Alzheimer ‘s disease utilizing survival analysis. The chief marks for this survey were ambulatory patients aged 70 old ages who exhibited memory ailments during a GP or memory centre audience. Those with nonsubjective memory damage or clinically relevant symptoms of anxiousness and depression were nevertheless excluded. Participants were so required to do one-year visits to a memory centre where a series of neuropsychological trials were conducted to measure the cognitive map and cognitive position. The functional position was evaluated with the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire ( Andrieu et. al. , 2008, p.406 ) . The survey recognized that primary and secondary bar schemes are desperately needed for Alzheimer ‘s disease as its prevalence continues to lift in industrialised states, with statistics demoing that it has presently affected over 24 million people worldwide. There is besides a high load associate with this disease. The schemes have ab initio proved to be effectual in cut downing mortality, morbidity, and wellness attention costs. Available interventions better cognitive symptoms and estrogen or satin related interventions are secondary bar schemes for Alzheimer ‘s disease ( Wegesin & A ; Stern, 2004, pp.647-648 ) . The basic scientific discipline and clinical informations indicate that estrogen therapy permeates healthy nerve cells with a survival advantage when challenged with a neuro-toxic agent. Greater benefit would hence be predicted if estrogen therapy is begun while nerve cells are still healthy and non biologically compromised ( p.650 ) . The estrogen advantage to healthy nerve cells provides plausible account for why estrogen can be good in forestalling neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer ‘s ( Brinton, 2004, p.419 ) . In add-on, in the intervention of AD, randomized placebo-controlled surveies have provided grounds of efficaciousness. The survey was spread out in a five twelvemonth program, and the primary aim was to find the consequence of intervention with EGb 761 on the rate of transition from memory ailments to dementia of Alzheimer type utilizing survival analysis. The survey design: incorporated a web of doctors to enroll topics ; the eligibility standard was validated in one of 25 mention memory centres. Coordination was by the infirmary mention centre located in Toulouse France ( Andrieu et. al. , 2008, p.407 ) . Age, residential location of patients, mean socio-cultural and instruction degrees, and self-generated coverage of memory ailments were the chief considerations for patient eligibility. Ocular sharp-sightedness and presence of drusen, unnatural pigmentary epithelial tissue and vascularization were considered in the diagnostic standards for age related muscular devolution. Apolipoprotein E, a genotypic determiner for intervention response was taken from blood samples while urine samples were taken to find isoprostan, a possible biochemical alternate marker of result. Spontaneously reported inauspicious effects were recorded for safety rating intents ( p.407 ) . In the intervention procedure, topics were randomized at the proof visit by having EGb 761 or a duplicate placebo. Blinding was ensured by indistinguishable visual aspect of placebo and active drug while colour marker was ensured by utilizing a brown pigment. Behavioral appraisal was through the disposal of neuropsychological trials for appraisal of cognitive map ; the cognitive position was besides evaluated blending MMS and CDR ; Functional position was evaluated utilizing the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire. Other appraisals involved balance perturbations, assessed by finding one ‘s ability to stand on one leg, posturography and diagnostic standards for sarcopenia ( pp.407-409 ) . Outcome steps entailed independent adjudication by four clinicians non connected to the survey to determine unvarying instance consequences. Changes in CDR dementedness tonss and alterations in public presentation on neuropsychological trials were considered in the secondary result steps. The study described the cognitive map and disablement in a population composed of 2854 patients who complained of memory jobs. These patients were younger and better educated with high MMSE tonss and longer continuances of memory ailments. Primary attention was the chief context of the survey. Patients who exhibited dementedness, anxiousness and depression symptoms were besides excluded from the survey so as to enrich the survey sample in patients whose memory ailments were related to underlying cognitive troubles other than emotional influences. From the screened population, over 60 per centum scored 0.5 or more on the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale therefore a comparative grade of cognitive damage was recognized. This hence supported old findings where bulk of patients reported ailments in the general population therefore grounds of convergence between aged patients with subjective memory ailments and those with nonsubjective steps of cognitive damage ( p.410 ) . The consequences hence imply that many aged individuals with cognitive damage are undiagnosed within the community and that a pro active attitude from practicians would assist place such people and pave manner for proviso of appropriate attention. CDR would besides be concluded as a sensitive agencies of observing cognitive damage amongst the aged. TheGuideAge is an of import and advanced tool for bar of AD in Europe. A recent survey provided grounds of Gingko biloba infusion effectivity in forestalling cognitive diminution in aged individuals. To farther find the efficaciousness of Gingko biloba, the GuideAge survey provided the needed informations from a big figure of topics. It would besides be effectual analyzing the development of cognitive map and see hazard factors as forecasters of transition from memory ailments to AD in the population. From this analysis hence, it can be concluded that preventative steps for AD are executable owing to the ability to obtain informations every bit good as initiate drug usage in a big sample of the population. Preventing Alzheimer ‘s disease: fact or fiction The prevalence is Alzheimer ‘s disease is significantly increasing in the United States. Presently, the population of those with this disease stands at 4.5 million with an estimated addition of between 11 and 16 million in the following 50 old ages. In add-on, explosive alterations in engineering would ensue in a great challenge in reflecting the mildest signifiers of cognitive shortage. The starchlike plaque in the encephalon remains the trademark pathology of Alzheimer ‘s disease and the amyloid cascade, provides marks for intercessions. The chief purpose of the intercessions is to cut down harm ensuing from starchlike plaque load ( Grossman & A ; Dyk. , 2008, p.887 ) . Significant positive attacks have been made, polar to the designation of diagnostic intervention of Alzheimer ‘s disease and the designation of conditions associated with increased intervention hazards. The success of true bar is nevertheless considered every bit fabricated as there is less informations to back up the claim that the aforesaid hazards cut down the incidences of AD. Several advantages can be drawn from concentrating on the bar of the disease ; foremost, it would spread out the period of high quality of life in aging populations, a hold of oncoming of the disease by one twelvemonth would significantly cut down its prevalence rate, and costs associated with the disease would be minimized ( Grossman & A ; Dyk, 2008, p.888 ) . Despite advancement in the decrease of the disease, bar schemes are still in the grapevine. Medical intercessions for this disease are characterized as primary, secondary and third. Primary: focal point on disease bar ; secondary: on decrease in morbidity in preclinical persons: and third, on remedy, palliation and rehabilitation. Grossman & A ; Dyk ( 2008 ) acknowledge that current therapies for Alzheimer ‘s disease do be. Tacrine was approved in 1993 by the US FDA as the first intervention for AD. The bureau besides introduced donepezil, rivastigime and galantamine as other intervention drugs. They further discourse that primary bar refers to the bar of disease in an unselected population tests to this demand to inscribe a big figure of topics with few exclusion standards and infuse simple cheap ratings of results, with long observation and monitoring periods. The length of clip for bar tests and topics ‘ registration, consequence into high disbursals therefore a substi tution of the bar test, the ‘add on ‘ protocol permits the ratings of multiple spheres in a individual clinical test cohort ( p.900 ) . Both primary and secondary bar tests require careful attending to safety. The agents selected for bar surveies are often referred to as ‘neuroprotective. ‘ A term used to distinguish agents expected to cut down cognitive diminution instead than alleviation of symptoms. Preventive mechanisms purpose at cut downing starchlike plaque by changing metamorphosiss or protecting cells from starchlike toxicity. These mechanisms are largely proposed based on research lab and carnal surveies as few markers of biological mechanisms available in worlds exist. Several categories of agents with encouraging consequences have been tested. These are clearly discussed below. First of all, lipid-lowering medicines, the HMG-CoA reductase are known to impact greatly on knowledge, dementedness and Alzheimer ‘s disease by cut downing cholesterin degrees in the organic structure of worlds ( Sparks et. al. , 2008, p.418 ) . Second, tramiprosate, a 3-amino-1-propanasulfonic acid ab initio developed as a pharmaceutical intervention was examined in a two phased survey of 58 patients with mild to chair Alzheimer ‘s disease over three months. Patients having tramiprosate experienced a decrease in Alzheimer ‘s. Neurochem subsequently reported that tramiprosate would be used as a nutraceutical. Third, immunotherapy initiated by utilizing filaments for the development of Alzheimer ‘s vaccinum was addressed in Schenk ‘s 1999 study as an option for regressing starchlike plaque. There was grounds of a patient showing clearance of AI? hint sedimentations from their cerebral mantle, and a significant microglial response. It was further conclude d that supplanting of AI? , even when embedded in plaques, is possible in worlds when immunotherapeutic techniques are used. Third, is the usage of enzyme inhibitors. Amyloid plaque remains a trademark pathology for Alzheimer ‘s with the amyloid cascade supplying marks for intercessions to assail implicit in mechanisms. Therefore, intercessions to cut down the amyloid plaque load are widely proposed. Furthermore, the control of high blood pressure is grounds associated with decreased hazard of cognitive damage and dementedness, features of Alzheimer ‘s. Some surveies have shown that effectual control of high blood pressure is associated with cognitive benefit. Hormone replacing schemes are besides seen as good mechanisms for the bar of Alzheimer ‘s. There is an feeling that estrogen may be good in keeping cognitive map and detaining dementedness. The benefit of estrogen accrues from the fact that the endocrine acts as a neurotrophin in the pyramidal cells of the CAI part which is known to devolve in Alzheimer's.Astrogen protects the hippocampal nerve cells therefore reduces nervous AI? coevals. Antioxidative schemes on the other manus employ the fact that oxidative emphasis plays a important function in aging and Alzheimer ‘s disease. The usage of antioxidants such as Vitamin C and E is associated with the decrease of hazard of dementedness. Nutritional supplementation, considers that dietetic and nutritionary addendums have an consequence on the hazard of Alzheimer ‘s. From several surveies conducted, the usage of Ginkgo biloba, a herbal addendum indicated an betterment in knowledge. Another clinical test on Salvia officinalis was studied for its possible benefit on knowledge in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer ‘s. Significant benefits were discernible between the end point and baseline tonss on cognitive steps of the intervention group compared with the placebo group ( Doraiswamy, 2002, p.816 ) . Last, nonpharmacological intercessions such as physical exercising are observed as options to protect the aged from cognitive diminution. A Meta analysis conducted reported benefits from physical exercising on functional public presentation, behaviour and knowledge steps in patients with cognitive damage and dementedness. The execution of Cognitive Motor Interventions on 38 patients in one twelvemonth which involved cognitive exercising, societal and psychomotor activities indicated an betterment in temper and subsequent tonss against a control group ( Kreil et. al. , 2010, p.17 ) . Alzheimer ‘s disease is a common wellness concern amongst the aged. While effectual intervention is available, the bar mechanisms are non yet good understood. Cholesterol lowering, other cardiovascular hazard decrease, starchlike metamorphosis and antioxidant mechanisms every bit good as environmental sweetenings have proved as plausible bar options ( Doraiswamy, 2002, p.818 ) . Evidence-based Approaches to Preventing Alzheimer ‘s disease. Non modifiable hazard factors for Alzheimer ‘s include: Age ; this remains as the strongest hazard factor for dementedness, peculiarly for Alzheimer ‘s. The hazard doubles every five old ages in persons above 65 old ages. The hazard nevertheless increases by stopping point to 50 % after 85 old ages. Family history ; hints of Alzheimer ‘s in households ‘ histories for 5 % or less of instances. Hereditary or environmental factors related to households are major influences of this disease. Familial factors ; early Alzheimer happening before 65 old ages histories for 6-7 % of all Alzheimer's.13 % of these clearly exhibit autosomal dominant transmittal over more than one generation.30-70 % of mutants are in presenilin-1 cistron, 10-15 % are in the amyloid precursor protein cistron, and less than 5 % are in the presenilin-2 cistron ( Bassil & A ; Grossberg, 2009, p.30 ) . Modifiable hazard factors on the other manus include cardiovascular hazard factors such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, lipemia, intoxicant, depression, metabolic syndrome, smoking among others ( Bassil & A ; Grossberg, 2009, p.31 ) . From surveies conducted, the consumption of lipid-lowering medicines indicated a decrease in dementedness ( Sparks, 2008, p.419 ) . Other possible helpful agents to forestall Alzheimer ‘s include: Antioxidant vitamins, the encephalons of Alzheimer ‘s patients contain lesions typically associated with free extremist exposure every bit good as elevated degrees of endogenous antioxidants. Antioxidants cut down the toxicity of AI? in encephalon surveies of Alzheimer patients. This therefore laid a footing for the appraisal of the function of antioxidants such as vitamins E and C and curcumin for the bar of Alzheimer ‘s. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, anti- amyloid and antioxidant belongingss and is every bit a promising agent i n the bar of Alzheimer ‘s from the ascertained informations ( Bassil & A ; Grossberg, 2009, p.32 ) . Fish and Omega-3 fatty acids. Surveies have shown that consumption of concentrated fat, entire fat and entire cholesterin addition the hazard of dementedness. Reduced degree of Omega 3 fatty acids has been linked to increased hazard of dementedness therefore high fish ingestion would change by reversal the tendency in hazards related to dementia and cognitive diminution ( p.33 ) . Consequences form a community based survey affecting nondementaited persons indicated that attachment to a traditional Mediterranean diet was associated with important decrease in the hazard of incidents related to Alzheimer ‘s disease. Fruits and veggies are besides associated with improved cognitive public presentation in aged individuals. Fruits are particularly linked to decrease in dementedness. Some surveies have nevertheless associated high ingestion of veggies with decrease in cognitive diminution ( p.34 ) . Datas on intoxicant usage and cognitive map in the aged draws assorted consequences. The complexness in these consequences is brought approximately by the dose and type of intoxicant taken. The moderate ingestion of vino is associated with decreased hazard of dementedness and Alzheimer ‘s disease. On the other manus, high ingestion of intoxicant which consequences in alcohol addiction may take to cognitive diminution ( p.34 ) . A randomised controlled test late showed that moderate sums of intoxicant may detain age- associated cognitive diminution. Others include ; caffeine consumption, endocrine therapy, NonSteroid Anti-Inflammatory Drug ( NSAID ) therapy and homocysteine ( Ho et. al. , 2008, pp.86-88 ) . From this information it can be concluded that, dementedness is the consequence of a set of implicit in pathological procedures, some which are preventable. Familial factors, age and household history are disclosed as the major non-modified hazard factors while modified hazard factors range from alcohol addiction, high blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus to depression. All this contribute to the development of Alzheimer ‘s and plausible preventative solutions are hence obtained from these jobs. In add-on, familial exposure is seen to modify most of the hazards associated with Alzheimer ‘s. Although there is deficient grounds to cement primary bar recommendations on dementedness, doctors may recommend taking actions such as take downing cholesterin, blood force per unit area and homocysteine degrees and commanding diabetes. Three constituents of life style, that is, societal, mental and physical are associated with a brilliant decrease in the hazard of dementedness, and Alzheimer ‘s disease. Population based longitudinal surveies have supported the hypothesis that societal, cognitive and physical activity are reciprocally associated with the hazard of dementedness, Alzheimer ‘s disease and cognitive damage. Physical exercising has been thought to heighten encephalon neurtotrophic factors and modify programmed cell death. Dementia is lowered by continuing musculuss mass every bit good as forestalling falls and attendant caput injury ( Kreil et. al. , 2010, pp.18-19 ) . Evidence further shows that exercising can continue optimum cardiovascular map, better regional intellectual blood flow and deter shot and micro vascular disease. NSAID therapy involves the intervention of Alzheimer ‘s with anti-inflammatory agents which slow the patterned advance of dementedness and suppress its oncoming. NSAIDs portray increased possibilities of take downing degrees of amyloidogenic AI?42 protein ( Bassil & A ; Grossberg, 2009, p.35 ) . From the above information, it is deserving observing that Alzheimer ‘s disease can be prevented utilizing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological options. The integrating of dietetic options and physical exercising may besides be efficient in accomplishing the preventative end of Alzheimer ‘s disease.

Dumbest Generation

Mark Bauerlein seems to believe that is the dumbest generation because research has shown that knowledge skills and intellectual habits have gone down, and although some people agree with him, others don’t. I believe this generation isn’t the dumbest because there are other things that need to be considered when calling someone, a group of people, or even an entire generation stupid or dumb, rather than just knowledge skills and intellectual habits. Knowledge isn’t all about what people know or how well they are in school. IQ tests test the intelligence of the person; however they test the pure thinking capacity rather than what people know.This means that intelligence comes from the entire cognitive thinking ability and not what they know. IQ tests have also been rising since the 1930’s (Source B). Furthermore, just because this doesn’t know things that people knew two generations before us did, doesn’t make us dumb. This generation is learn ing about things that people didn’t even know about two or even one generation ago. Also, most students in college don’t think that what was important back then is relevant today, so they don’t see the point in remembering or learning about it. That isn’t stupidity, that’s just choice in the information that they wish to hold.Plus, some people are more intelligent about certain things about other people, but that doesn’t make them dumb or stupid about that subject. They just don’t understand it as much as other people. If you look at other subjects for that person, I’m sure you’ll find their strong spot, and what they’re good at. It all depends on what their brain can understand and comprehend. Moreover, students and even adults are coming together. They create groups and social activities that allow people with similar interests and intelligence to get together and help and teach what they know about that particu lar subject.They come to these people for their knowledge to improve their craft, gain reputation, and expanding their intelligence and interest in their craft (Source C). Although most people may disagree, the new media and social advances help with this. It allows students to reach people around the globe and get other information so they get direct information. According to Mizuko (Source C), â€Å"Youth respect one another’s authority online and are more often motivated to learn from peers than adults. † So by this meaning, the social media allows students to learn in a more advanced way to where they don’t feel like they are being condescending.This also allows the students to learn more of on their own and exploring, rather than knowing the goals and going by a direct lesson plan. Given the fact that most students use Google instead of a library might make people think that we are being derived of learning how to do research on our own. Although most peopl e are right, Google does have benefits. If someone just needs a quick way to get information, Google is good place to get started. Most people know to make sure things are doubled in places rather than just in one place though, so they know what to do about how to research.Additionally, having social media and the internet, texting, email etc. , also creates more chances of writing. Most parents and teachers think that this is causing a downfall in school and literacy capabilities but in reality its actually helping. According to Thompson (Source G), she believes we are in the middle of a literacy revolution. This generation writes more than any other generation before. Most peoples’ writing happens outside the classroom. It may not be very advanced writing, but it is writing. It works the writing and literacy capabilities because it is still writing. They have to read, comprehend, understand, and respond.All of which includes using the abilities that they already had. Also, almost thirty-eight percent of writing happens outside of the classroom. Everything that people write, including texting and email etc. , add up and help with their brain which expands their learning and thinking capacity. Along with social media, there are video games. The people who play video games say that they help with hand-eye coordination, and those who don’t say that the video games make the brains weak. But in all actuality, video games help expand the thinking capacity and help the thinking and learning capabilities.They figure out how to get through things in the game and don’t just cheat by using a manual. They have to think about what could happen next or look at how things happen so they know how to act, react, and do (Source F). Furthermore, every generation has their â€Å"dumb spots†. That doesn’t make each generation the dumbest generation though. One person can’t say that this is the dumbest generation when every generation is d umb at some point or with some group of people. In 1962, according to Simpson, (Source E), he did a documentary about a group of people who didn’t even know what most people did know at their age.They barely knew anything at all and they weren’t able to spend all day texting or playing video games. Each generation has their problems, so one cannot pinpoint what generation is the dumbest generation. So, although some people believe different, I believe this generation is not the dumbest generation because knowledge is not all about the amount of information a person holds. It’s about the thinking capacity and other things can interrupt that thinking process, and also, each generation has their â€Å"dumb† faults. This generation may be more evident, but it is not the dumbest generation.

Review of Literature on Multicultural Literarture Dissertation

Review of Literature on Multicultural Literarture - Dissertation Example A very good introduction to the issues involved in multicultural literacy is provided by Carol D. Lee in her book Culture, Literacy and Learning: Taking Blook in the Whirlwind (Lee, 2007). The second part of the title is taken from a poem by Gwendolyn Brooks which advocates living and flourishing in a maelstrom of contradictory forces and this metaphor is used to illuminate the many pressures that children in some ethnic groups, and especially African Americans, experience when they are growing up. Lee argues for definitions that go beyond simple categorizations: â€Å"To analyse group membership in ways that take history and cultural practices into account, ethnicity is a more powerful and universal concept than race. Ethnicity takes into account history, identity, practices and beliefs.† (Lee, 2007, 11) This implies that educators must have a deep knowledge of their subject but also of the routine practices that go on outside the school gates, in families and among peer grou ps. If the experiences that the learner has in school are unrelated to the outside experiences, then many opportunities for learning are lost. Prior knowledge cannot be tapped into, and students are likely to have poor recollection of what they learn, and be unable to apply it in any realistic context. There is also likely to be a lack of motivation because the relevance of school learning is will be perceived as low. This means that a fundamental task of the teacher is to make sure that there is overlap between the world outside and the world of classroom learning. Programs like â€Å"Funds of knowledge† which bring in a diverse range of adults from the community, or the â€Å"Cultural Modeling Framework† which adds a focus on youth behaviour and â€Å"the very different demands of subject matter learning.† (Lee, 2007,11) Lee homes in on the type of assessments used, and describes interventions in a school with a high proportion of African American learners. Fa ctors like time limiting reading tasks are found to be counter-productive, and exercises such as reading and then talking are suggested as a better way of establishing how the reader engages with a text and makes sense of it than formal writing. Dialogue with the teacher is important, in order to bridge the gap between everyday language and reasoning, and the styles and standards expected in the academic setting. The book concludes that â€Å"displays of competence depend a lot on how competence is both defined and assessed †¦ we privilege particular kinds of displays as evidence of processes of internalization†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The implications of these insights for literacy are that teachers must seek a variety of ways of linking academic reasoning with everyday experiences, and must appreciate different learner styles, for example valuing the quiet learner who may be â€Å"inwardly attentive in ways that are difficult to assess.† (Lee, 2007, 174) Flores-Duenas (2004) dis cusses similar issues and presents a case study of four Latina(o) students illustrating the need to provide reading materials and discussion opportunities which validate the experience of a wide range of students and not just white European American students. The article is prefaced with a very interesting first person narrative

Marcia.ehret_inspiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marcia.ehret_inspiration - Essay Example However, we can set parameters and working definitions, but the importance and impact of these biblical inspirations will only be manifested depending upon the individual’s personal belief. To the atheist/ agnostics, no matter how defined the subject matter of biblical inspiration is, it will be impossible to come to point where he levels off and agrees with a believer. A believer, on the other hand, will perpetually argue on the grounds of established facts such as Jesus being able to acknowledge and refer to specific scriptures in his teachings, in the way he prepared his apostles to document his existence and the various lessons he taught, in the way all these survived despite dramatic efforts to destroy it, and the way how the teachings, virtues, lessons are true and applicable regardless of era or period. This religious relativity is difficult to compromise especially that the trend nowadays focuses on two extremes: religious pluralism at one end and denomination-centered belief on the other end. In a gist, the bible is a worthy and credible source of God’s word since its contents were written and recorded by people who embodied the authorized representative of god to deliver a specific message.

The role of the mentor in organising, managing and leading programmes Essay

The role of the mentor in organising, managing and leading programmes of learning in clinical education - Essay Example Facilitating learning is very important, as its very nature is very complex ranging from different aspects of the body of knowledge. Learning from the behavioral perspective is a changed of behavior; and it is associated with changes inside of a person from cognitive perspective (Brockbank and McGill, 2006). Learning is one of the most important things to acquire in this world. It is essential because it is viewed as the result of how humans adapt to their environment (Murre, 1992). In nursing career, educating others is an essential intervention which also depicts the importance of learning (Bastable, 2008). All of these substantially illustrate why it is important to facilitate learning. Mentors therefore should be able to come up with simple or basic ideas in order to facilitate learning and ensure that there is increase in knowledge of their learners as far as mentoring is concerned. In nursing, mentoring is necessary and the role of mentors is simply as facilitators emphasising learning in an effective and practical way. Adult learning can be well facilitated using experiential learning, which means acquiring substantial knowledge can be appropriately achieved out from somebody’s significant experiences. In fact, one of the most familiar adages puts it, â€Å"Experience teaches us best.† This can be further elaborated from Kolb’s theory of experiential learning. ... In fact, one of the most familiar adages puts it, â€Å"Experience teaches us best.† This can be further elaborated from Kolb’s theory of experiential learning. Illustration 1: Kolb’s cycle of experiential learning (Quinn, 2000). In this theory, Kolb’s emphasised four generic adaptive abilities to reach effective learning and these involve concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation (Quinn, 2000). It is therefore the role of mentors to effectively organise activities that will allow full immersion of their students into concrete and fresh experiences. Along the way, mentors have to manage important activities that are crucial in the creation of learning experiences. It is not just enough to organise activities, but leading and management is necessary because everything that the mentors do should be considered a guiding path for students to effectively take in order to facilitate learning at a highest maximum level as possible. Students on the other hand must be able to learn from their experiences by reflecting on them. Furthermore, it is also important for them to come up with significant concepts out from their personal observations on their experiences. Finally they have to apply whatever theories they have learned. All of these are important things that students must do while their mentors are facilitating for their learning (Quinn, 2000). It is in line with these that regarding their ability to facilitate learning, mentors must be able to support learning in practice, they have to demonstrate effective time management and leadership skills, and should be able to organise students’ clinical experience (Quinn, 2000). Another

American government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American government - Essay Example Gerston (2004) notes that the public agenda changes as public priorities and values shift hence policy making is a continuous process. It involves identification of issues, policy formulation, implementation, evaluation and termination. Problem Identification Problems are identified through various ways. Organized interests play a major role in identifying problems. They act as source of information for formulation and advocacy of policy ideas (Gerston, 2004). The labor movements and unions are instrumental in helping to identify workers plight. They highlight the workers problems such as poor working conditions, unfair wages, basic work safety and fight against child labor. They influence the workers to strike hence making their problems known to the policy makers. The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) managed to establish collective bargaining in American industries in the 20th century. Gershon (2004) acknowledges the fact that triggering mechanisms are the starting point for p ublic policy questions. These mechanisms are unpredictable and impact on peoples lives. For example the current welfare system of America was prompted by the great depression which left millions of people unemployed and without a source of income thereby prompting the president Roosevelt to declare entitlement to government assistance for those affected.

A Study on the Importance of Teaching Empathy in Hong Kong Schools Essay

A Study on the Importance of Teaching Empathy in Hong Kong Schools - Essay Example This essay declares that academicians in most schools believe that student performance in academics and extra curricular activities rely heavily on academic brilliance and intelligent quotient. But studies over the years undertaken in different parts of the world demonstrate that intelligent quotient and academic skills can no longer useful for producing socially responsible citizens. The social skill and humanistic considerations among the students depend, to a great extent, on the degree of empathy they possess and the patience they show in dealing with the mentally oppressed ones. In this context, the present study is relevant to examine the importance of empathy education in Hong Kong. Also the study seeks to measure the relationship between empathy education, social skills and academic performance. This paper makes a conclusion that students become merciless and unkind adults, which ultimately will lead to the development of a society where nobody can have humanitarian considerations. Many studies undertaken across countries have examined and documented the much debated issue of teaching empathy in schools and thereby developing their social skill. The results reveal that empathy is teachable and can be learnt by students. However, educators nowadays focus more on academic content than students’ psychological growth. The result is devastating that schools and colleges develop anti social behaviors of students. This leads many problems arise such as drug abusing, assaulting, sexual offending, etc. Educators neglect the origin of humanistic education. Therefore, it is indispensable to start teaching empathy at school level. At this juncture, the present study is an effort to examine the importance and effectiveness of teaching empathy in Hong Kong schools. This is carried out by studying the impact of teaching empathy on the children from various schools selected at random basis for the purpose of a sample survey. The paper also tries to throw lights on the correlation between empathy and academic outcomes. Research Problem Academicians in most schools believe that student performance in academics and extra curricular activities rely heavily on academic brilliance and intelligent quotient. But studies over the years undertaken in different parts of the world demonstrate that intelligent quotient and academic skills can no longer useful for producing socially responsible citizens. The social skill and humanistic considerations among the students depend, to a great extent, on the degree of empathy they possess and the patience they show in dealing with the mentally oppressed ones. In this context, the present study is relevant to examine the importance of empathy education in Hong Kong. Also the study seeks to

Human Resources Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resources Case Study - Essay Example Employee selection and retention are crucial factors, thus the need for a streamlined recruitment and training process is vital. Also, it is my responsibility to work in coordination with all the departments of the company in order to examine and understand the needs of the employees (Human Resource Manager, n.d). I should act as a bridge between the top management and the staff.  In order to bring change to the existing system, my first and foremost duty are find a sales manager as the previous two were not qualified for such an important and complex position. The position of a sales manager is considered to be one of the most imperative and celebrated jobs in the field of sales and marketing. The job of a sales manager is to coach, direct, and oversee his/her sales staff and take complete responsibility for the staff. He/she organizes the workings of the sales department by developing territories, goals, and quotas for the sales staff. Assessing the market analyses facilitates him/her to understand customer needs, the number of sales, and pricing plan that will fulfill the organizational goals.  At Perfect Juice Inc. a sales manager needs to have a Masters Degree in Business Administration with a specialization in marketing. A sales manager should have knowledge regarding mathematics and statistics and their application. Also, e/she should be an expert in sales and marketing along with excellent computer skills and a complete understanding of the internet. Moreover, the sales manager should have knowledge of the structure and content of the English language.  A sales manager should also possess strong administrative and managerial skills and should be proficient in ha ndling customer and personal service. The basic skills and requirements for a sales manager are: He/she would monitor and assess his/her own performance and the performance of other individuals and also suggest the management regarding the improvements or the corrective actions that need to be undertaken.

Econ Article Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Econ Article Analysis - Assignment Example This left them with options of either to cut back on farming sharply or to buy water up to four times the regular price. Therefore, this excerpt summarizes various economic theories that are highlighted on the article by fortune Tech. Notably, supply and demand is a critical in economics; essentially, demand refers to the desire of a product or services by buyers whereas supply refers to the extent to which the market can offer. In other words, demand is the price that people are willing to purchase the demand quantity and this relationship forms a demand relationship. On the other hand, the amount that suppliers will be willing to supply given a certain offer is the quantity supplied and this correlation is termed as supply relationship. For instance, there comes a time that supply outstrips the demand and an example would be the case of a third generation farmer â€Å"Woolf† who grows onions garlic and tomatoes. Her intentions were to cultivate on half of her farm since customers were asking more of their product. They cannot deliver because water is still the problem3. Experts have said that an estimate of 500 000 acres of rich land will be left fallow this year and keeping in line with the laws of demand and supply food prices will rise. Most of the things with high demand are very limited. Since we live in a world where wants are unlimited, the available resources to satisfy our wants are limited too. Demand and supply explain how prices are determined in a market system. This is reflected by the demand curve and a demanding schedule. The law of demand has a negative correlation between quantity of goods that consumers need and the price they are ready and able to pay, when other factors are held constant. The factors that affect demand other than price include price of related goods that are substitutes and compliments, income, tastes and preference, population and demographics, and expected future prices. Therefore, changes in any of these

Implement Person Centred Approaches Essay Example for Free

Implement Person Centred Approaches Essay Outcome 1.1 Define person centred values Person centred care respects the values and uniqueness of individuals, helping them to get their independence back. And can be designed to enable individuals to direct their own care in ways suited to them, working with various healthcare professionals to reach set goals. Outcome 1.2 Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values It is important as the person is treated as an individual and not labelled, allowing the individual to maintain their sense of being a person, Understanding their emotional needs and preferences, by doing this you help maintain the service users identity, independence and self esteem. Outcome 1.3 Explain why risk taking can be part of person centred approach Supporting service users to take risks to do what they have chosen is part of a person centred way of working. This can be done by speaking to individuals finding out their needs, also reading their care plan to see specific preferences an speaking to friends and relatives about the individuals background. Outcome 1.4 Explain how using and individual care plan contributes to working in a person’s centred way The individuals care plan is focused solely around the wants and needs of the individual, by following care plans you are fulfilling the individuals wants and needs, supporting them in a way that they or their family members desire. Looking at the individuals needs and building and plan around it, service users should be at the centre of their plans ensuring the right support is being provided. Read more: Describe how active participation benefits an individual essay Outcome 3.1 Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support Consent is important as it makes the service user aware of what is going to  happen, actions that will be taken, and any implications. Consent protects both the service user and care giver against any legal challenges should any arise. Without consent you cannot continue with giving care. Outcome 3.3 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be ready established If you cannot readily establish consent, it needs to be looked into, if the service user is refusing to co operate you then need to find out why, if there is a communication barrier looking at communication aids such as talking mats or sign language. If it is an emergency then consent is implied as there is nobody present to give consent it is assumed that consent would be given by the family or next of kin. Outcome 4.1 Describe how active participation benefits an individual Active participation contributes to improving health outcomes and quality of care, it empowers service users helping with confidence, self esteem and power to air their concerns and most importantly giving the service users choice, allowing them to feel included in every aspect of their care. Outcome 4.2 Identify possible barriers to active participation Poor communication Lack of attention Immobility Poor eyesight Chronic Pain Sad/Depressed Outcome 4.3 Demonstrate ways to reduce the barriers and encourage active participation Compliment Praise Encouragement Constructive feedback Outcome 5.3 Explain why worker’s personal views should not influence and individuals choices A worker’s own personal views are not fact and can be seen as discriminatory towards the individual or their choices this can give the individual a complex preventing them from progressing. Outcome 5.4 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others Encourage questions and listen, ensure the individual is aware of trust policies and procedures, the individual should also be aware of their own rights Outcome 6.1 Explain how individual identity and self esteem are linked with well being The links between the two can fragment personal identity such as lack of access to services which can reduce confidence and self esteem affecting the service users emotional health. Outcome 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote and individuals well being Treating each person as an individual is important as well as giving and maintaining dignity and respect for the individual’s culture and beliefs, giving realistic goals to meet encourages empowerment to gain self esteem and confidence, listening can help encourage and develop independence. Outcome 6.4 Demonstrate ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well being By encouraging inclusion to promote an individual’s well being such as Personal attitudes Participating and engaging in activities Aware of environment Own personal space

Character study from Of Mice And Men Essay Example for Free

Character study from Of Mice And Men Essay After reading the novel I have understood that many characters had dream. The book Of Mice and Men was set in the depression of the 1930s in California where Men travelled around looking for any work they could find, they had to leave families and homes just to make money. The novel shows that people who lived on ranches were lonely. These were depressing and desperate times, no hope and no future. George and Lennie: George and Lennie being migrant ranch workers like several other Americans in those had a dream. Were gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an a cow and some pigs Their dream is to own a farm or a ranch of their own so they could be their own boss and wouldnt have to be pushed round by other ranch owners who they work for now. They wanted to independent due to the working and having a job always cost them lost of; money, friends and other relationships. Their life was always living in a stable with different people. They were very lonely Guys like us who work on ranched are the loneliest guys in the world. The character George is a small, quick man with well-defined features and with big heart. Georges relationship with Lennie is likely to be like a stepfather as George was very caring for Lennie, however in some stages he told him off. His only set-back is his mentally handicapped friend Lennie whom he travels with and has been since he promised Lennies aunt Clara he would look after him after she died. Looking after Lennie stops George from working towards his dream and even prevent him from having a normal life of a rancher, because of this George and Lennie regularly fight. Lennie always forgets all goods things that George tells him such when they went they see the new boss Lennie, you keep your mouth shut in front of the boss as enter the office he jumbled the things up, however he always remembers bad things that George told had told him. Lennie is a maniac about petting nice and soft thing such as velvet, soft small animals (i.e. rabbits and mice). These things usually some how put him in trouble such as the big disaster that happens. Lennie is mentally like a child; he didnt have any sexual emotion. How the society can accuse him that he could do soothing like that? It shows the illiterateness of people however there are people who can read and publish magazines. Lennie always is a problem and George tells him. At stages of the story George gets angry with Lennie and tells him about his life without Lennie: Whatever we aint got, thats what you want. God amighty, if I was alone I could live so easy. I could go get a job an work, a no trouble. No mess at all, and when the end of the month come I could take my fifty bucks and go into town an get whatever I want. George and Lennie lives so hard life, so bleak that they used their dream as a way of comforting themselves. Daydreaming and talking about it was the only thing that gave them hope. George was kidding himself he knew that their will not becoming true. He just used Lennie as companion to have someone to talk to. The dream that Lennie and George have is not a reality till the characters are introduced to Candy. He is an old, one-handed man; he befriends George and Lennie when they first get on the ranch. Candy becomes a very lonely man after Carlson kills his only companion, his dog and hopes for the same fate. When they can me here I wisht somebodyd shoot me When he hears Lennie and George talking about the dream he becomes excited and offers money towards it so they can buy a farm, he also offers to work on the farm. John Steinbeck gives an insight of the dog and gives hint that this what is going to happen to Lennie. John Steinbeck also gives the descriptions of Lennie being very strong. Lennie killed Curleys wife. Curley and other went to get him. George told Lennie in the beginning when he gets in trouble he should go in the bushes. George knew that Curley would give Lennie hell may be put him in the cage and will assaults in different ways. George had no option then killing Lennie. George met Lennie in bushes and start to tell him about their and suddenly pulled the behind his back and killed him. Lennie was responsible for ending their dreams and died while listening about their dream. Curleys wife: Curleys wife is another major character in the novel. She is naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve as she believes in everyone even Lennie. She is pretty as says because I am natural she also had a dream; her dream was to be a Hollywood actress. She was being told that she work in the films by a director while filming a picture. She didnt understand men. The director told her that she can be an actress that was the easiest way for him to get her in the. She didnt realise that working in the Hollywood is not a joke; actually people need knowledge and beauty to work down there. Curleys wifes dream wasnt going to come true due to she was married to Curley soon she would have a dozen of kids. She didnt like Curley Curley ant a nice fella as Curley was a controlled freak. She was the only woman in the ranch. She had the right to speak to other people, however when she find someone to talk they ignored her due to she was a troubled mans wife. So Curleys wife flirted with men to attract them she was heavily made up such as roughed lips, wide space eyes, red finger nails and hair this was may be due to she was newly married. When she found men and Curley wasnt there she start to flirted she was standing in the door way, she putted her had behind her back to lean against the door frame so the body was thrown out putting her hands behind her back means to show her body, to show her breast bigger, so as her hips. All these descriptions make attraction. The way she talked to men I guess I better look someplace else and she said playfully she may be wanted attraction for her sexual life due to Curley might not have full filled her sexual wants as Curley always kept one of his soft. gloves full Vaseline. Curleys wife knew that Lennie crushed Curleys hand, so how can she allow him to touch her as he was a stranger. She is also the person responsible for ending Georges, Lonnies and Candys dream. Her death by Lennie was actually a favour for her due to she was the only person who died without seeing her dream not coming true. Crooks: Crooks was the other major character in the novel. When George arrived found about Crooks found a winkle in his bunck said give the stable back hell. Crooks was then described by Candy that he is a nigger this shows the amount of racism that occurred those days as a black man was called by a racist word. Everyone gave him hell he was nearly being killed in the Christmas when he bring a gallon of whisky and when the people got drunk he was being beaten up. He is also being described as a nice fella however he was not being accepted in the society. When Lennie went to see Crooks he told him you got no right to come in my room. Crooks was angry so much at first due to he hurt in the past by white people that he doesnt give a chance to hurt him again as through his life he has been a boxing bag that everyone punched and went. When he finds Lennie weaker then himself he tries to wind him up as he tells Lennie spouse George gone a left you alone, what will you do Lennie was scared and nearly knock Crooks out. Crooks was an American citizen, he wasnt a slave like other black people in America those days. I ant a southern Negro I was born right here in California he had that life style as a normal American white citizens. When he was a kid he used to play with white kids and go to their place and sometimes they came to his fathers ranch. John Steinbecks wrote this book due to he wanted to show to the people what had happen during depression. Steinbecks dream is an aspect of all the characters dreams of an equal society; Crooks, equal rights for different races, Candys, rights for work and ageism, Curleys wife, womens rights and Lennies, right of a mad person. Steinbeck would like to see all these aspects in his idea of society. He saw the problems of his society and maybe tried to change them with this book. Steinbecks again mention in the from George point of view where he describes to Lennie at the end The place no-ones gonna hurt you. This tells us about heaven where everyone is going to be treated the same way and everyone would have the right to live a free life.

Analysing the dimensions of Human Resources

Analysing the dimensions of Human Resources Human Resource Management (HRM) came into popular term over the past decades as a top managerial approach aimed at re-ordering the employment relationship to ensure employee efforts were strategically focused on achieving superior individual and organisational performance and competitiveness in increasingly volatile markets. All companies including British Gas are now paying considerable attention to make strong bond between HR practices and employees and organizational performance. The main purpose of this unit essay is to discuss about HRM as an approach to managing human resources such as labour in British Gas. 1.1 Explain Guests model of hard-soft, loose-tight dimensions of HRM. (P1) The most widely acceptable models of HRM are the soft and hard versions. The soft model is associated with human relation and the hard model on the other hand sees employees as human resource (Gratton et. al. 1999). The soft model assumes that employees respond better when an organisation recognise their individual needs and addresses them as well as focusing on the overall business objectives. The hard model primarily focus to promote human resource planning strategy, align with business strategy, outsourcing, flexibility, performance management and downsizing or work intensification. Some HRM models have been developed by UK academics including Guest and Storey. Guest has identified key features of personal management and HRM that allow for comparative measurement and acknowledging the close links between human resource strategy and general business strategy (Bratton and Gold 2003). The Guest model of HRM is given below: Policies Organisational job design Policy formulation and implementation/management of change Recruitment, selection and socialization Appraisal, training and development Manpower flows through, up and out of the organisation Rewards systems Communications systems HR outcomes Strategic Planning/implementation Commitment Flexibility/adaptability Quality Organisational outcomes High job performance High problem solving Successful change Low turnover Low absence Low grievance level High cost-effectiveness (Adopted diagram from Guest 1997) The model highlights the below key points: Linking to the strategic management of an organisation (Bloisi 2005) Seeking commitment to meet organisational goals and quality of work Focussing on the individual needs rather than the collective workforce to decrease turnover and absence Enabling organisations to devolve power and become more flexible Focussing people as an asset to be positively utilised by the organisation (Bloisi 2005). 1.2 Review the differences between Storeys definition of HRM and personnel and IR practices. (P2) There are some differences between HRM and Personnel Management (PM) and Industrial Relation (IR) practices as there are a lot of different views and contradictions. HRM is a new managerial discipline that has different perspectives of PM and IR, but create a new and broader disciple as a results of different views and contradictions of these two (Beardwell and Holden 1997). The main aim of PM and IR is to serve the objectives of the employer, towards an approach which seeks to gain the commitment of the employees and aims to satisfy the requirements of stakeholders. On the other hand, HRM is a theoretical strategic approach of competitive advantage or organizational success factor of tomorrow and it should be strategically integrated and aligned with the business strategy. Storey (1992) has established a theoretical model based on how an organisation has evolved from PM and IR practice to HRM practices is called a model of shift to HRM. Storey has underlined 27 points of differences between PM and IR against HRM. These points are grouped into four categories: beliefs and assumptions e.g., PM and IR requires the careful delineation of contract while HRM seeks to encourage employees to go beyond contract strategic aspects e.g., PM and IR takes time to take decision while HRM takes customer oriented approach with fast speed of decision making line management e.g., management role with line managers in PM and IR is transactional while it is transformational in HRM key levers e.g., communication in PM and IR is restricted while in HRM it is increased; and pay is evaluation based in PM and IR while in HRM pay is performance based. If these two strategies are not closely aligned, the organisation will find itself pulling in different directions and not making any progress toward meeting goals. 1.3 Analyse HRM from a strategic perspective and its implications for the role of the line manager and employees. (P3) For competitive advantages, an organisation should change old ways of doing business where most of the burden and responsibility of change will fall onto first-line managers of HR. They share the burdens and responsibilities with other line managers and employees. The first-line managers play a crucial role in making strategies for HRM because they are responsible for executing HR practices at the workplace (Nehles et. al. 2006). If these strategies are not identified and created consistency across business units to ensure closely aligned towards the attainment of corporate objectives, the organisation will find itself pulling in different directions and not making any progress towards meeting goals. The challenges for line managers are given below: Rapidly changing of technology that lead to the changing of business environment Pressure to do more with fewer resources to minimise production and other cost Downsizing of the employees to cut labour cost Greater workforce diversity as customers expectations are too high Increasing gap between available skills and required skills for a job. The line managers need employees with up-to-dated skills, multi-skilled, committed toward organisational missions and visions and competency for role play. The line managers also need tools and information systems to make quick and effective decisions. The line manager is directly accountable for the program impact of HR decision, while the HR team or employee is directly accountable for the compliance of the action. HR managers and employees must need a range of skills to cope with the change and make a productive environment. In this case, HR department provides full support and takes the lead in helping managers identify the core knowledge, skills and abilities required to support the companys competitive advantage (Buhlel 1999). For example, for a specific task, HR department may need to conduct an assessment and identify particular training needs. Then HR training specialist will be called up to actually deliver the training program. The HRM should do the following for managers and employees regularly otherwise business objectives will not be met in the long term. Providing training for such as problem solving, decision making and change management Creating positive environment Providing feedback and counseling on the options available to accomplish particular task/program with timely and professional manner Providing assistance with timely manner Supportive attitudes shown by the HR teams Collaborative relationship between line manager and HR team to effect needed action. 2.1 Review and explain a model of flexibility and show how this might be applied in practice (P4). Show how the case company might identify and apply this model to solve their workforce issues (M1). Flexibility refers to adjust and deploy the skills of its employees to match the skills required by its changing workload and production methods. Professor Chai Feldblum said We believe workplace flexibility is good for employers and employees, so its worth the effort to get it right for employers and employees (Gurchiek 2009). HRM can design a job where employees can work with flexibility considering the issues such as scheduling of hours work such as nontraditional start and end times; the amount of hours worked such as job sharing, phased retirement and part time work; the place of work such as a remote location or home; and changing work hours over the month or through the year depending on the demands of the job such as working more hours during busy periods and taking time off in quiet times. Review and explain a model of flexibility and show how this might be applied in practice (P4) Show how the case company might identify and apply this model to solve their workforce issues Workforce flexibility increases productivity and job satisfaction. It helps the company to become top in the markets maintaining the culture of diversity and tolerance. The flexibility depends on the nature of the job. HRM will need to ensure that the organisational culture is tolerant of alternate work schedules. The British Gas can provide 24/7 services to its customers and distribute its workload throughout the day as part of diversity and good customer services. More staff can be scheduled to work at peak time and less staff for off-peak time. The company can employ some staff who can work from home or remote area to reduce cost and provide better services to its customers within possibly less waiting time. The company needs to provide adequate training and support including equipment so that staff can work from home or provide services on demand to its customers. As a result, the company may need to pay less salary to such staff. For example, staff working from home or working on demand doesnt need to travel and/or can look after children home at the same time and as a result, they can work at cheaper rate than staff working at office. The company can employ local and nationwide staff on demand rather than employing them permanently to provide a maintenance and breakdown service for electrical goods and home wiring. The staff can be paid depending on number of services they provide. In order to provide quick and quality service to its customers, many staff working from home or staff working on demand should be employed and trained and reviewed their performance regularly. The company should randomly record and review staff telephone conversations and services provided to its customers operating a customer satisfaction online or postal survey. These resources can be used to train staff as well. 2.1 Review and explain a model of flexibility and show how this might be applied in practice (P4) Show how the case company might identify and apply this model to solve their workforce issues. (M1) 2.2 Describe the need for flexibility and the types of flexibility which may be developed by an organisation and give examples of how they can be implemented (P5). The employees need for flexibility at workplace. As a result, they can work better and more productive way than others. The need for flexibility at work place is given below: employees can look after children at home or spend more time with children and can reduce childcare cost older workers could remain longer if number of hours are reduced makes positive difference in retention and stress among lower-wage employees than their more advantaged counterparts increases moral, job satisfaction and higher level of engagement (Drucker 2010) decrease stress or turnout attract talent people in the organisation reduce consumption of employee commuting time and fuel costs. Flexibility can be different types such as flextime- allows employees to select their starting and ending time within a range of hours, reduced time, flex-leave- allows time off during the workday to address personal and family issues and flex-career- allows multiple points for entry, exit and re-entry. A company like British Gas needs to decide the scope of flexibility and make a plan considering all possible options for flexibility at workplace. The company can implement flexibility in the following ways: develop a business case looking at comparable companies like nPower, EDFEnergy and Southern Electric and their experiences with flexibility (Friedman D. E. 2010) reviewing existing and past programs and company policies to see how well they are working and what needs improving determine flexible work options, negotiate with employees if possible and review. introduce a pilot scheme to see how they work before fully implementing them help supervisors and managers to learn new ways of managing, including how to solve problem and look for win-win solution (Friedman 2010). 2.3 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of flexibility working practices from both the employees and the employer perspective (P6). Flexibility is a management tool that can benefit employers and employees but it may not be welcomed by all employees of an organisation. Research shows that 78% of respondents reported that having access to flexible work options contributes to their success as employees to a moderate or great extent (Pitt-Catsouphes 2009). So flexibility should be applied creatively and it works best when all employees and customers are involved in the process of developing flexibility. Advantages Flexible workplace helps organisation if employers and employees get flexibility while they take decisions, they can do much better way and can save a lot of cost and bring a lot of revenue for the business. Flexibility in workplace help the employees providing flexibility like working from home and limited employment could ensure that employees are at their optimum working level. Disadvantages Lower wage workers are more likely to report that using flexibility will negatively affect their advancement (Richman 2006) If the employees are not responsible enough and/or they are not monitored regularly, the business might actually face lack of productivity During the hiring of the individuals or employing someone, flexibility options should be discussed in detail and care should be taken into consideration to ensure that only candidates who are serious about their jobs, careers and professions will be employed by the company. Indeed, the success or failure of the implementation of flexibility depends on how well the employees take it, how they use it to become more productive, instead of finding ways to shirk work and how the management assists them to implement it. The company should consider a range of workplace factors such as extent of access to flexible work options, supervisor support of flexibility, negative work-family culture and extent of utilisation of flexible work options to bring full advantages of flexibility at workplace (Pitt-Catsouphes et. al. 2009). 3.1 Describe the forms of discrimination that take place (P7) Recruitment and selection have been considered as areas for discrimination. In general the following two forms of discrimination take place (Bratton and Gold 2003) during recruitment and selection process: Direct where employees of a particular gender, race, age, colour or ethnic group are treated more favourably than other employees. For example, a policy to recruit only young persons to field workers. Indirect where particular requirements treat everybody equally but discriminate to a particular group where the requirement cannot be justified. For example, applicants for field workers should be 1.85 metres tall could result in a low proportion of female applicants. 3.2 Review how the legislative framework and any proposed changes relating to discrimination in the workplace can be applied by an organisation (P8). How has the above case company designed their recruitment policy to apply relevant law to avoid discrimination (M2). All organisations should be aware of legislation concerning discrimination in employment and have a duty to protect their employees from any discriminatory behaviour. According to the law, it is unlawful to discriminate against anyone on the grounds of their sex, age, race, disability, religion or martial status in recruitment, selection, promotion, pay, training, hiring, transfer, dismissal and all other activities and responsibilities related to HRM. An organisation like British Gas should avoid discrimination during recruitment and selection process. This is not only a legal requirement but also it gives the best chance of getting the right person for the job. The following changes can be proposed relating to discrimination in the workplace to avoid discrimination during recruitment: Ensure that best people are recruited on merit and the recruitment process is free from bias and discrimination Application form should contain minimum of personal details and some specific questions to avoid discrimination during selection process such as asking candidates to indicate special requirement to attend interview During interview, certain questions that are relevant to the persons ability should be asked only but must not be asked something that discriminate from other Assessment such as skill test and interview should be fair, reliable and valid throughout the recruitment process Fully investigate if a complaint of discrimination is made against selection Monitor recruitment process and update and review all policies regularly to meet employment law requirements fully Must take care while carrying out necessary checks such as checking necessary documents to ensure that the candidate has right to work in the UK. 3.3 Explain a range of current initiatives and practices which focus on equal opportunities in employment (P9). The HRM should follow rigorous and fair selection process to recruit suitable employees to ensure equal opportunity is everywhere. After employment, each employee should get equal opportunities to get promotion, development, training and to get all other facilities provided by the organisation, and terms and conditions are based solely on job related ability and merit. The British Gas should consider the following initiative and practices which focus on equal opportunities in employment: All managers and employees should have training on equal opportunities Review the effectiveness of the policy and identify practices that may lead discrimination Advise and take swift action if it is expected that discrimination is taking place Make arrangement so that employees can make complaint easily regarding any issue of discrimination and they are kept well informed the progress of the complaint Look creatively at new work patterns, employee practices and flexible working and promote the idea of equal opportunities throughout the organisation All staff should be treated with dignity and respect at work Employers should make an environment to prevent bullying and sexual harassment as they lead to job insecurity, illness, absent from work and even resignation (ACAS 2009) Equal pay and disability discrimination policies should be implemented seriously at workplace Because of ill health, dismissal from job must not be taken place and if it does, it can be considered as discrimination. 3.4 Compare and contrast equal opportunities and managing diversity (P10). In order to promote equal opportunities and diversity at workplace, first thing is to have equality and diversity policy, then it is backed up by action plan to promote the policy at workplace and ensure that it is understood and followed across the business including areas such as recruitment, training and pay to avoid discrimination (Web1 2010). In order to minimise or avoid the chance of discrimination over equal opportunities and managing diversity, the organisation needs to monitor the process following the steps: Collect monitoring data providing separate monitoring sheet with application form, through appraisal, performance evaluation and direct complaint and filling direct monitoring form Analyse collected data confidentiality Review policies and action plan where necessary. 4.1 Explain performance management in practice (P11). Using examples describe how organisation organize and manage performance appraisal activity (D2) and communicate these findings to the relevant human resources manager (M3). Performance management is one of the responsibilities carried out by top management to examine actual practice at workplace (Pollitt 2002). The senior managers should carry out a performance review and provide feedback regularly or at least once per year to their fellow employees providing an opportunity for discussion of career objectives and progressions, identifying training needs, assisting to develop individual abilities and help in succession planning to maximise career potential. The performance appraisal should cover issues such as salary, promotion, retention/termination, recognition of performance, layoffs, identification of poor performance, job requirements, legal requirements and analyzing past and present performance. Performance management is a culture in which individuals and groups take responsibility for the continuous improvement of business processes, standards and quality of products and of their own skills, behaviour and contributions (CIPD 2010). The British Gas should organise and manage the following performance appraisal activities: Arrange appraisal meeting with employees to discuss training required to improve skills, knowledge, standards and procedures and self-appraisal Let employees to fill in appraisal form Identify actions that help lead to improvement including the time and goals for the follow-up meeting Review the agreed activities Give and receive feedback Make effective communication at all levels. Managers and/or supervisors at the workplace should have communications to ensure that each employees performance appraisal activities are done on time. They should use a common information system possible an online system or intranet that will allow easy storing and accessing of performance reports and training needs information and generate automatic reminder messages regarding performance meeting and any activities due to complete. Using and sharing such information system at workplace, trainers and supervisors can provide effective and specific training to improve staff performance. 4.2 Critically evaluate different human resource practice in the workplace (P12). Use critical reflection to the above justify whether human resource practices are followed at British Gas or indeed any other company of your choice (D1) An organisation can use many different human resource practices in the workplace to evaluate employees performance such as performance appraisal, electronic performance, monitoring of quality services, monitoring competitiveness, calculating employee turnover rate, 360 degree performance management feedback system and reviewing safety incident. These practices promote human resource development of an organisation. For example, monitoring of quality service involves the recording of calls, team leader listening to calls, the provision of feedback, coaching on telephone technique and service delivery and the 360 process allows for multiple points of view to be given on any given individual to improve performance and identify training needs. A decent company like British Gas practices many from the above and does almost everything to maintain excellent customer services. The company has many call centres all over the Europe and provides adequate training and monitors employees performance regularly. The British Gas has launched a website called http://www.britishgasjobs.co.uk/ as Careers at British Gas. The website can be developed further to promote human resource development. In order to make aware potential and existing employees, job descriptions of all posts should be available on the website and these should be updated regularly. Potential candidates can be referred to the website. Once there is a candidate, the online system should conduct behavioral and technical tests first, then need a telephone screening, then bring them in for a face-to-face interview. The company can also use self-learning/service software programs within company website to reduce administrative costs and time, to increase information access for employees and managers and improve information accuracy (Price 2007). 4.3 Evaluate the impact of globalization on issues such as human resource planning (P13). Changes in the global business environment such as rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT), global dimension, currency exchange rate and takeover or expansion overseas have major consequences for HR managers (Price 2007). As a result, factors outside of a companys control that will affect its requirements for human resources and ways of managing them change as well and the organizational needs human resource planning based on cost benefit analysis in advance to use and manage human resources to meet organisational needs and add greater value (Friedman 2007). Indeed, the ICT and reduction in communication costs has facilitated the globalisation and increased competition. So human resource planning in any organisation is vital to train and develop employees. It should be strong linked with recruitment, selection, career planning and development, performance appraisal and the remuneration system otherwise the organisation cannot compete. 4.4 Review the impact of different national cultures and practices human resource professionals can employ to manage a cultural diverse workforce (P14). Demonstrate convergent/lateral/create thinking while answering the above questions (D3). National cultures differ mainly in four areas which are labelled by Hofstede (1980) as dimensions and these are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, and masculinity-femininity. Research shows that a human resource policy can be familiar and effective to a country but it may be unfamiliar and ineffective to another country due to cultural factor. For example, pay for the performance scheme is very popular in the USA and UK but it may not successfully be practiced in another country (Suharnomo 2009). Laurent (1986) found that decision making in Germany is more centralised than in UK. On the other hand, organisations in UK spend more money for employee well-being and middle management development program than many other countries (Suharnomo 2009). Newman Nollen (1996) indicated that organisation performance is better in the organisations where there is congruency between national culture and human resource practices. An organisation must adjust its management practice in accordance with the environment or national culture to achieve successful organisational performance. For example, career development is stronlgly related to national culture in UK and USA. An employee who has good character will likely be able to use their capability in a workplace with other people. So cooperation is very important for every employee to meet organisational objectives. Conclusions Organisations with better learning, training and development systems, reward and recognition, and information systems can promote human resource development and improve organisational performance. These should be measured, monitored and updated staff skills time to time to meet organisational objectives.

America the Racist Tyrant Essay -- essays research papers

America the Racist Tyrant In "The Declaration of Independence," Thomas Jefferson shows the King of Great Britain acting as a tyrant to the colonies, and Jefferson declared America to be free from Britain. In the "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr. writes to a clergyman logically analyzing criticisms while communicating to the public his arguments. Jefferson fought for freedom and right for America. King also fought for better civil rights for his black people. They both fought for their people, King however fought peacefully with white people, who in return were cruel. This comparing Jefferson's and King's fought for freedom, different skin color demonstrates racism causing unfairness to this day still exists because the fight for justice and rights still exist which calls for a social contract. Every single human being has a right to life, civil rights, and freedom. This is a right that Americans base their government on. Jefferson states that "all men are created equal" and man should naturally stand for every single person, no matter what color or sex they are. (53) Equality in all men however is untrue. Different race, religion or gender often causes conflicts between people. Conflicts results in discrimination against groups. This can be shown through King's fight for black's civil rights. Americans already have freedom and rights, however, the black people are still being looked down. For King and his people, they were treated without respect. The black people "have waited for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God-given rights."(217) The black people have waited silently while everyone else received their God-given rights. They are rights that everyone should possess; however, the black Americans did not because of their color. People are often judged according to the color of their skin. This judging of another person is often negative and is known as racism. America is known as the melting pot with all kinds of race living there. It is clear that no matter how big a melting pot, it can not contain all race mixed together. As a black man, King witnessed and experienced racism during the segregation period. People were "haunted by day and haunted by night by the fact that you are a Negro" shows that black people were being discriminated.(218) This judging and disrespe... ...or poor, strong or weak in rights to have freedom and justice. Just as Jefferson "has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of Government" (54). The colonies have also found equality between them and Britain by becoming an independent government. As King puts it "oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever" (222) people are forever fighting and yearning for freedom from justice. In conclusion, Jefferson demonstrates that by declaring independence, thirteen colonies have given themselves their rightful freedom. However, these freedoms were given mainly to the white. The black, like King, fights nonviolently hard to change the society and government slowly to receive the same justice and freedoms as the whites. When comparing the people in Jefferson's time and the people in King's time, it is surprising to see that they are both fighting for similar rights on the same grounds, yet King is fighting for it later when America already have the rights. This concludes that racism indeed plays an important role in our past and present as we try to be free from other judges.

Health and Fitness Magazines Negatively Impact Male Thinking :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

Health and Fitness Magazines Negatively Impact Male Thinking Warning! Warning! Alarms go off inside your head. You’re at the mall walking around with one of your best buds looking at CDs, when all of a sudden you look up and see this drop dead gorgeous girl, whose looking at CDs in the next aisle. You grasp the CD case you were looking at firmly, and use the reflection quickly to make sure none of your pimples are ready to burst, and that your hair is fixed right. You glance down at you pants making sure they are set right on your shoes to make them look as cool as possible. Then you make sure that your shirt is straightened up. You take a breath and look up. She gives looks at you out of the corner of your eyes and you feel a skip in you chest. She looked at you! You automatically double checked with your eyes to make sure your zipper’s zipped and that she’s not laughing at you, but she’s really smiling at you. Wow, you think, she must really think I look cool! That was only a brief glimpse into the complicated life of a teenage boy. A boy who reads magazines, wants a car, plays video games, and watches a lot of TV. Every morning he wakes up and picks out his clothes sometimes taking them off and putting on others that match better. His ultimate goal is to look as good and cool as possible, like those guys in the Gap commercials on TV, with their perfect smiles and their arm always around that really hot girl. Why have we as males become more concerned about our looks and body? It seemed that only twenty years ago it was just the girls really worrying about their make up and nails. Even though we have not come so far as to put on make up and paint out nails weird colors to match our 300 dollar outfit to go to the mall, we have become more aware of looking cool and more attracting to the opposite sex. Yet it seems as if instead of looking to better out grades and get a good job to attract females we’ve started to look more and more at our looks then what we do and who we are.

Analysis of Poe’s The Raven Essay -- Poe Raven Essays

The first two stanzas of The Raven introduce you to the narrator, and his beloved maiden Lenore.   You find him sitting on a â€Å"dreary† and dark evening with a book opened in front of him, though he is dozing more than reading.   Suddenly, he hears knocking on his door, but only believes it to be a visitor nothing more.   He remembers another night, like this one, where he had sought the solace of his library to forget his sorrows of his long lost beloved, and to wait for dawn.   Meanwhile the tapping on his door continues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poe’s most famous poem begins with an imagery that immediately brings the reader into a dark, cold, and stormy night.   Poe does not wish for his readers to stand on the sidelines and watch the goings on, but actually be in the library with the narrator, hearing what he hears and seeing what he sees.   Using words and phrases such as â€Å"midnight dreary† and â€Å"bleak December† Poe sets the mood and tone, by wanting his readers to feel the cold night and to reach for the heat of the â€Å"dying embers† of the fireplace.   You do not come into this poem thinking daffodils and sunshine, but howling winds and shadows.   By using these words, Poe gives you the sense of being isolated and alone.   He also contrasts this isolation, symbolized by the storm and the dark chamber, with the richness of the objects in the library.   The furnished room also reminds him of the beauty of his lost Lenore.   Al so, Poe uses a rhythm in his beginning stanza, using â€Å"tapping†, followed by â€Å"rapping, rapping at my door†, and ending with â€Å"tapping at my chamber door.†Ã‚   You can almost hear the tapping on the door of the library as ... ...e opens the door.   When he found himself opening the door, he saw nothing but darkness.   And this is the point where he figures that there is nothing out there.   I think the reason Poe was so afraid, reflects back on Lenore.   I understood Lenore to be Poe’s love at some point in his life.   He’s been so depressed, that all he thinks about is her, but then again, he is also trying to forget about her at the same time.  Ã‚  Ã‚   And when he first heard the sounds of rustling, he might of thought it could be the spirit of Lenore.   I think this was the reason for him to have been so afraid.   Poe drew a lot of his ideas and images into his own imagination.   And the images he had of Lenore, was not making him feel any better.   I think that most of Poe’s thoughts and feelings all came from his mind, and not his heart.

How Will Climate Change Impact Caribbean Business Environmental Sciences Essay

The part is faced with many challenges, chances, menaces and hazards as a consequence of clime alteration ( United Nations Environment Programme, 2008 ) . Developing states must therefore address the impact of clime alteration of which they are highly vulnerable though they contribute less than 1 % of entire green house gas emanations compared to the surplus of 50 % contributed by the universe ‘s industrial powers ( Trotz, n.d. ) . However, it is imperative that they become cognizant of the impact of clime alteration on Caribbean concern, trade and the environment, and supply solutions as to the manner frontward. The Caribbean signifiers portion of the Small Island Developing States that are considered vulnerable to the socio-economic and environmental features that creates sustainable development challenges ( United Nation Environment Programme, 2008 ) . These challenges are critical in understanding the kineticss in the manner they function within their assorted economic systems and the ensuing consequence of clime alteration. These include the dependance of the productive sectors on their narrow handiness of natural resources such as agribusiness, fishing and forestry which can finally take to limited economic variegation possibilities ( United Nations Environment Programme, 2008 ) . This in inself can make economic systems with limited potency to exhibit a competitory advantage on an international degree. Other challenges include the high dependance on imports and the islands susceptibleness to extreme conditions conditions. Climate alteration does bring forth both positive and negative effects. Island states must therefore happen ways to capitalise on the chances while cut downing hazards. Conducting concern locally, regionally and internationally is of import for economic growing and development and as such, climate alteration can impact concern operations significantly. For illustration, the Caribbean is extremely dependent on touristry as one of its cardinal subscribers to the gross domestic merchandise ( Reid, 2010 ) . Coral reefs are an intregal attractive force to tourers sing the Caribbean particularly on the islands of Jamaica and St. Lucia, among others ( Reid, 2010 ) . However, coral bleaching due to lifting temperature consequences in the decease of corals which will finally take away from a merchandise of value within the sector ( Reid, 2010 ) . Similarly, agribusiness is of import for many cariibean islands non merely for export, but as a beginning of nutrient for many communities. Hurrican es and other natural catastrophes can hold damaging effects on islands such as Grenada and Dominica which export Myristica fragranss and bananas ( Reid, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( n.d. ) , a shortening of the turning season of sugar cane in Guyana due to climate alteration will cut down outputs by 29.8 % and cut down productiveness in St. Vincent by 20 % . Other negative effects include emphasis on concerns and authoritiess due to the insurgency of diseases and pestilences and a rise in regulative force per unit areas ( United Nations Environment Programme, 2008 ) . Climate alteration can supply important benefits for the concern sector and unfastened concerns throughout the Caribbean to the potency of staying competitory globally while increasing the possibility of cut downing long-term costs. This decrease in costs can be achieved through the ability of concerns to follow energy effiecient processes ( ECLAC, 2010 ) . Additionally, with consumers going more environmentally knowing and friendly, the acceptance of greener patterns will better the manner in which stakeholders view take parting concerns giving them an border over non-practicing concerns ( United Nations Environment Programme, 2008 ) . Businesss may besides profit from revenue enhancement interruptions and/or fiscal inducements such as the deforestation partnership where Norway is paying Guyana to maintain its nursery gas emmission down ( Edwards, 2010 ) . In add-on to concern, clime alteration will impact trade within the part particularly due to function that touristry and agribusiness drama in the growing and development of the economic systems. Additions in temperature will ensue in lower output and as such, export possibilities will decrease ( Reid, 2010 ) . Additionally, diminution in fish stocks can hold important effects. For illustration, decrease in the Yellow Fin Tuna, which is chiefly used for export will adversely impact economic output therefore negatively impacting trade. Last, clime alteration willl consequence in developing states holding to run into specific criterions as it relates to labelling and production procedures which may be a hinderance due to the deficiency of technological capablenesss, accomplishments or expertness. However, this can make an chance for Caribbean concerns to use the export markets by going more competitory due to the acceptance of greener patterns. For illustration, Grenada benefitted from the export of organic cocoa which is certified under the USDA-NOP and EEC2092/91 ( Grenada Chocolate Company, n.d. ) . Similarly, Jamaica is able to profit from the export of the Jamaican Moutain Coffee to international markets ( Coffee Industries Ltd, n.d. ) . The effects of clime alteration on the environment are of great concern as animate being and works biodiversity, agribusiness and human population ( among others ) are affected. There is besides the possibility of H2O deficits and taint, and the remotion of Rhizophora mangles and coral reefs all ensuing in the human population being at hazard. Harmonizing to United Nations Environmental Programme ( 2008 ) , about 70 % of the islands population lives along the seashore doing them susceptible to decease from tsunamis, hurricanes and storm rushs. These natural jeopardies along with internal anthropogenetic jeopardies such as deforestation can badly cut down the resiliency of cardinal ecosystems over a period of clip ( Reid, 2010 ) . Haiti experienced four lay waste toing hurricane in 2008, go forthing the island with over US $ 5 million in amendss which accounted for 5 % of its GDP ( Caribbean Policy Development Center, 2008 ) . Climate alteration besides increases the potency for the i nvasion of non-native, invasive species therefore interrupting the balance within ecosystems. In turn toing the issues related to climate alteration, it is necessary that the Caribbean take a conjunct action. As such, it is critical that version be made to the manner companies conduct their concern, trade and interact with the environment. Adaptation involves sentisizing the population of the effects of climare alteration and shifting resources in order to extenuate its effects ( United Nations Environmental Programme, 2008 ) . For illustration, , in Playa Rosario in Havana, communities have been reallocated 5km inland to avoid the impact from coastal erodings ( United Nations Environmental Programme, 2008 ) . Additionally, the funding of undertakings geared towards version encourages more concern to take part. One such programme was executed in the 1990 ‘s where the Caribbean Adaptation to Climate Change ( CPACC ) was granted US $ 5.6 million to finance four regional and five pilot undertakings through the World Bank, Organization of American States ( OAS ) and CARICOM ( United Nations Environmental Programme, 2008 ) . Other actions include building edifices with proper chilling systems, promote the preservation of natural resources including H2O installations, and inducements for companies in conformity with regulative patterns regulating clime alteration ( United Nations Environmental Programme, 2008 ) . The impact of clime alteration on concern, trade and the environment is serious. Although climate alteration may supply some positives particularly for establishments with the capacity to accommodate, the magnitude of the negatives can non be overstated. There is an pressing demand for action to be taken by persons, communities, concerns and authoritiess within the part. It is imperative that we are able to make a sustainable hereafter for our state ‘s kids and as such, the part need non merely adapt to climate alteration but besides do all possible to extenuate its effects.